Rett Syndrome: an updated view

Abstract

Rett syndrome (RS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder first described in 1966. It is characterized by the arrest and regression of intellectual, motor, and communicative developmental milestones, followed by the appearance of hand stereotypies after an apparently normal development period. Pathogenic variants in the MECP2 gene have been identified as a cause in most cases. The following review focuses on analyzing updated information regarding the medical and social aspects of RS globally, with a special emphasis of the situation in Chile. A multiple database search for updated information on RS was performed, selecting 68 articles published between 1995 and 2022, 56 on medical aspects, 11 on social aspects, and 1 on both. Additionally, information regarding certain social aspects was collected from government websites. Regarding medical aspects, the review focuses on RS’ clinical features, diagnosis and classification, genetics, pathophysiology, and management. In relation to social aspects, the review presents the psychic and emotional stress that RS can cause on affected families based on international studies and, lastly, the opportunities and tools available to Chilean patients. RS is a complex disorder affecting multiple organ systems. Its management requires a multidisciplinary approach, having an important psychological and socioeconomic impact on the family. In Chile, Laws No 20,422 and 21,292, the National Disability Service, and the creation of the “Caminamos por Ellas y Ellos” (We Walk for Them) foundation are positive milestones met in the journey of supporting these families.